KfW Research
SMEs
The current KfW SME Panel for download
Business sentiment among German SMEs continued to fall in October. This time, however, confidence levels dipped only very moderately. The renewed drop is due exclusively to the further slight deterioration in SMEs’ outlook on the near future. At the same time, however, SMEs' assessments of their current business situation improved. In contrast with SMEs, large enterprises expressed much more confidence. In October, their business climate improved by nearly twice the normal month-on-month variation. After stagnating this year, the economy is likely to grow again moderately next year.
The survey conducted under the KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator demonstrates that the difficult economic situation in Germany is also reflected in the market for company loans.
First, credit demand visibly lost momentum again in the third quarter, after large enterprises previously still showed slightly more interest in borrowing. Second, banks also approached loan applications from businesses with much greater caution. More than one third of large enterprises viewed banks’ lending behaviour as restrictive. That was a second consecutive new record high. For SMEs, accessing credit was a similar challenge. The KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs stood at 31.5%, just under the high recorded in the summer of 2023.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q3 2024(PDF, 164 KB, accessible)
The recovery of lending has stalled. In the second quarter of 2024, credit commitments calculated by KfW Research fell by 2% on the same quarter of last year. The weak development of business investment hampered the recovery of new lending.
The economic downturn following the upturn at the start of the year is weighing on lending activity. As a result, a substantial trend reversal in the credit market is slipping further into the future. The reluctance to invest will continue to limit the volume of new bank loans in the second half of the year due to the difficult economic conditions. The ongoing easing of monetary policy provides some relief in terms of financing costs. KfW Research therefore anticipates at least slightly positive growth in the lending business in the third and fourth quarters.
The mood among small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany remains on a downward trend. Business sentiment fell for the fifth straight month in September to -19.4 balance points. Even so, the rate at which sentiment has clouded over has at least slowed to -0.6 points and expectations have improved slightly. Situation assessments, however, have worsened noticeably. Employment expectations of small and medium-sized enterprises and especially of large enterprises are also clearly negative now.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer September 2024(PDF, 159 KB, accessible)
Sentiment among German SMEs continued to deteriorate in August. This time, business sentiment dipped only moderately. But after the preliminary high for the year in April, it was already the fourth consecutive drop. Assessments of the current business situation in particular worsened but so did expectations for the next six months. There are some bright spots, however. Bucking the overall trend in the SME sector, business sentiment improved in both wholesale and retail.
The sentiment indicator for Germany’s SMEs has fallen for the third consecutive month. After a marginal decline in May and a moderate drop in June, SME business sentiment fell by a noticeable 4.2 points to -17.7 balance points in July. Situation assessments and expectations dropped at the same rate this time.
Businesses continue to face increased difficulties in loan negotiations with banks. After access to credit recently improved slightly for SMEs, they now suffered another setback in the spring quarter. The KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs increased to 27.8%. Around one in four large enterprises now also complain that banks are more restrictive in their policies towards them. Credit constraint for this size class has thus climbed to a new high.
The faltering economic recovery may have prompted banks to respond more cautiously to rising credit demand, particularly from large enterprises.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q2 2024(PDF, 165 KB, accessible)
New lending to businesses has continued to decline. In the first quarter of 2024, the credit commitments calculated by KfW Research fell by 3.9% on the previous year. In both preceding quarters, new lending had dropped at double-digit rates. The recovery in new lending business is being hampered by the weak development of business investment.
New lending is likely to grow moderately in the second half of the year when the economic recovery firms up and the interest rate turnaround is more strongly reflected in financing conditions.
Economic planning certainty influences businesses’ financing requirements through their investment decisions. Accordingly, the outcomes of upcoming elections and the development of trade conflicts constitute an uncertainty for the revival of the credit market.
Clouds are gathering on the economic horizon again. Sentiment among German SMEs fell slightly in June. After the result in May was revised from a minor increase to a slight dip, this is now the second straight decline. Both sentiment components dropped, and business expectations in particular. The hoped-for economic recovery remains uncertain.
Sentiment among SMEs improved for the fourth straight month in May but only slightly and only because of a somewhat more positive outlook for the near future. Services are the only sector standing in the way of a higher business sentiment. SMEs in all other economic sectors were in a better, or even much better mood than in April. All in all, the path to an economic recovery is coming into view but overall growth will still remain meagre this year.
International business in times of multiple crises: SMEs achieved a record result in 2022
Despite the long-term effects of the coronavirus crisis and the impact of Russia's attack on Ukraine, SMEs' foreign sales reached a record high in 2022 (+14% or +8% adjusted for price). Around one in eight euros of the total turnover of SMEs was generated abroad in 2022. Almost one in four SMEs were internationally active, the highest figure for 13 years. The majority of of companies active abroad rely on exports to develop foreign markets. Only a few companies take the extra step to direct investment (2019–2022: 1.7%). Whereas the year 2022 was still characterised by a relatively good overall economic situation, by 2023 the global economic environment began to cloud over. The global economy and global trade are still feeling the effects of the crisis. However, there are already signs of improvement and optimism.
KfW Internationalisation Report 2024(PDF, 2 MB, accessible)
Further publications on the topic of foreign trade
Credit access has improved moderately for enterprises. The credit constraint perceived by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) eased in the first quarter but remained tight. Large enterprises, on the other hand, reported moderately tighter credit constraint. The imminent economic rebound in some sectors is likely to have facilitated the positive development in credit access for SMEs.
Businesses applied for more loans again at the start of the year. The end of the interest-tightening cycle has made businesses of both size classes more eager to borrow again, with 32.5% of firms expressing an interest in taking up loans. Thus, loan demand from large enterprises is back in the average range since 2017. The increase in demand from SMEs was slightly weaker. In the first quarter, 20.5% of SMEs took part in a loan negotiation. Demand is likely to stabilise further as the economy recovers.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q1 2024(PDF, 214 KB, accessible)
With the arrival of spring, confidence among SMEs brightened significantly, albite at a still low level. SME business sentiment rose for the third consecutive month in April, and the rule of thumb says that there has now been a shift towards more positive sentiment, at least in this segment of the economy. Both sentiment components improved, but the strongest change was the sharp rise in hitherto very pessimistic expectations.
Focus on Economis
A recent analysis of the KfW Climate Barometer revealed that in the year 2022, 4.3% or approx. 160,000 private-sector firms in Germany invested in the generation and storage of electricity or heat from renewable energy sources. That was significantly more than in the previous year. The increase in fossil fuel prices caused by Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has made investment in renewables more attractive.
More than half of firms (54%) in Germany were already using electricity from renewables. But only one in ten businesses was using heat from renewable energy. Both electricity and heat from renewables are more common in larger enterprises than in smaller firms. The provision of heat in industry and commerce is still largely based on burning fossil fuels. That is why it is now necessary to place a stronger focus on the decarbonisation of industrial process heat supply.
Digitalisation activity defies the economy
Digitalisation push triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany continues. The key findings of the current KfW SME Digitalisation Report are:
- Share of small and medium-sized enterprises with completed digitalisation projects rises to 33%
- Digitalisation expenditure continues on a high level, at EUR 29.3 billion
- Digitalisation activities are heavily concentrated in large SMEs
At last, SME business sentiment is finding a way up again, making a sizeable leap of 4.9 points in March to -16.8 balance points. Although that means it is still exceptionally dismal, the trend is pointing in the right direction in all areas.
Corporate lending has shrunk considerably. In the third quarter of 2023, new business lending calculated by KfW Research already plunged by 15.7% on the previous year. In the fourth quarter, that decline slowed to -12.5%. This sharp drop was driven by the high volume of loans extended during the energy crisis in the reference period of the previous year. The credit market has thus emerged from its low point for now.
Investment expenditure by companies hardly bolstered lending business anymore. The slight drop in credit interest rates and the less pronounced weakness in demand, however, positively impacted on the development of lending activity.
In order for the credit market to achieve a turnaround, however, it is necessary for economic activity to pick up and expectations of falling interest rates to solidify. Given the pessimistic economic outlook, we still expect a minor contraction in lending business in the first half of 2024. Lending should then pick up again later in the year.
Business confidence among small and medium-sized enterprises stagnated on a low level in February. Both situation assessments and expectations remain almost unchanged at a poor level. Only in the services sector and among retailers sentiment brightened slightly. Sales price expectations also dropped.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer February 2024(PDF, 184 KB, accessible)
SMEs’ innovation activity has flatlined
Innovation activity among SMEs did not profit from the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. The key findings of the KfW SME Innovation Report are as follows:
- Currently 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises have innovative products and processes
- Innovation expenditure remains at EUR 34 million, slight decrease when adjusted for inflation
- Innovation expenditure in the SME sector is heavily concentrated on large SMEs.
Focus on Economics
Filling vacancies is a growing challenge for small and medium-sized companies. Innovative companies, in particular, are finding recruitment more difficult. In addition to the general shortage of skilled workers, the reasons for this lie in the higher demands placed on applicants' skills. Innovative companies see their requirements as not being met more often than other companies, particularly with regard to mathematical and statistical skills, social skills and digital skills. These higher requirements are due to the fact that innovative companies use more modern technologies and are more modern in the organisation of their work and company. The requirements of their innovation processes also result in higher demands for the skills mentioned.
Focus on Economics
Retirement plans among owners of small and medium-sized companies in Germany have recently picked up speed, as the new SME Succession Monitor shows: around 125,000 medium-sized companies are expected to be handed over as part of a succession – and that every year until the end of 2027 on average. The continued strong desire for a succession solution within the family is offset by dwindling interest from potential succession candidates. Overall, there are only around half as many takeover start-ups as succession planners in the SME sector each year. The growing bottleneck is increasing the demands on the senior generation. It is therefore very pleasing that the planning status of current owners has recently been better than ever before. The number of successions that are already in place has reached an all-time high. Successors have already been found for almost three out of four of the handovers planned in the short term by the end of 2024.
The mood among SMEs in Germany worsened further in January 2024, after already dropping in December. The last time business confidence was lower was during the lockdown in the spring of 2020. We see this mainly as an expression of significant uncertainty, which is making it hard for positive economic news to get through. And yet, it exists. One such silver lining is the foreseeable recovery of household purchasing power. As inflationary pressures ease and real wages rise, key stressors are likely to diminish in the course of this year and a primarily consumption-driven recovery should begin. Germany should therefore grow at least moderately again in 2024.
Access to credit remains difficult for German businesses. The credit constraints perceived by businesses decreased slightly from the record high level in the final quarter. Nevertheless, more than one quarter of small and medium-sized enterprises, or 28.8%, reported that banks were taking a restrictive approach to loan negotiations.
In addition, businesses still have little appetite for borrowing. Despite the sharp increases in credit interest rates, credit demand did not drop any further in the final quarter but remained steady on a low level. The restrictive monetary policy and weak economic outlook are the main factors weighing on the lending business.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q4 2023(PDF, 166 KB, accessible)
SME business sentiment suffered a setback at the end of the year. While a recovery trend could still be observed in the autumn, sentiment among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) fell by 3.1 points to -19.1 balance points in December. In particular, companies have again become more sceptical about the future.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer December 2023(PDF, 189 KB, accessible)
The energy crisis has triggered a debate over Germany’s future viability as a business location and fuelled concerns over growing deindustrialisation. However, German SMEs’ foreign investment still indicates a low tendency to shift business activities abroad. During the 2019–2022 period, only just 1.7% of all small and medium-sized enterprises invested in other countries. Most importantly, not more than 3.8% of SMEs – roughly the same share as before the COVID-19 pandemic – plan to invest abroad in the coming years. Tapping into new sales markets – including for climate technologies and green products – is clearly their main motive. Europe remains the most important target region of SMEs’ foreign investment activities. Irrespective of any possible offshoring scenarios, significant risks to Germany’s competitiveness are emerging that need to be addressed with urgency.
Main motive for SMEs to invest abroad is to expand into new sales markets(PDF, 305 KB, accessible)
Business with corporate loans continues to lose momentum. In the second quarter, new lending calculated by KfW Research already fell by 3.8% compared to the previous year and the decline is likely to have accelerated to around 15% in the third quarter. It should be noted that the energy crisis and supply chain disruptions had driven lending to record levels last summer.
The tightening of monetary policy has caused borrowing costs to rise rapidly. Companies are therefore exercising restraint when taking out new loans. An even greater contraction has been counteracted by the significant increase in investment spending despite the predominantly low sentiment.
Even though the low point of credit growth is probably already behind us, the slump is expected to continue. The combination of weak growth, high interest rates and gloomy business expectations suggests that lending will remain weak into the new year.
KfW Credit Market Outlook December 2023(PDF, 138 KB, accessible)
Sentiment among small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany rose by exactly one point to -15.9 balance points in November. Signs are growing that the economic downturn has bottomed out. So far, however, the upturn in sentiment is based only on less pessimistic business expectations.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer November 2023(PDF, 166 KB, accessible)
Despite the economic uncertainties caused by the energy crisis, investment by German enterprises in domestic climate action grew by a sizeable 18% in real terms in 2022, reaching EUR 72 billion. These are the findings of the 2023 KfW Climate Barometer. Investment in climate action is likely to have been boosted not only by the sharp rises in fossil fuel prices, which made investments in energy efficiency and the use of renewables more attractive, but by pull-forward effects resulting from the foreseeable increases in the cost of debt capital and rising prices for capital goods, particularly in the first half of 2022. The growth in climate protection investments last year was attributable to larger companies and SMEs with 10 or more employees. The findings also show that nearly two thirds of German companies have at least partly enshrined climate action in their business strategy. However, there is still upside potential for operationalisation. So far, 70% of businesses have not yet developed any concrete plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.This applies to small and medium SMEs in particular.
KfW Climate Barometer 2023(PDF, 540 KB, accessible)
Further information of the KfW Climate Barometer
After five straight declines, SME sentiment finally turned the corner in October, rising by 2.1 points to -17.1 balance points. It appears to have bottomed out.
SMEs’ resilience is being put to the test. So far, they have come away with few bruises but now they are increasingly nervous
The resilience of small and medium-sized enterprises was put to the test again last year. But despite all stress factors, the losses to SMEs were moderate. Investments and turnover grew, including on a price-adjusted basis. Still, their profit margins came under pressure, even with part of the costs passed on to customers. Their capital structure, however, is showing itself to be robust overall. They have a comfortable liquidity position and their debt sustainability continues to be ensured. Their equity base remained stable despite the energy crisis. Currently, however, they are sceptical about how their business will develop. The economic outlook is dim, prospects for investment and turnover have clouded over and access to credit is becoming more difficult. These are the findings of the KfW SME Panel 2023, which paints a comprehensive picture of the present situation in autumn of 2023 and on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises during the past year.
Companies seeking loans encountered increasing obstacles in their credit negotiations with banks. In the third quarter, the KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs rose significantly to 31.7%, reaching a new high since 2017, when the methodology was changed. The share of large enterprises surveyed that described the position of banks as restrictive also grew to reach 21.3%.
There are two main reasons for the growing difficulties businesses are facing in their attempts to obtain credit. For one thing, loan interest rates continued to rise even through summer in the context of the fight against inflation and, for another, it is plausible that credit institutions are taking a closer look at loan applications amid weaker economic sentiment.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q3 2023(PDF, 169 KB, accessible)
At the end of the summer, the mood among small and medium-sized enterprises hardly deteriorated any further and expectations alone actually rose again slightly for the first time. At the same time, a look at the segments shows a mixed picture. Among SMEs, manufacturers and wholesalers were more upbeat, while large enterprises of all main economic sectors reported improved confidence. The economy may have bottomed out.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer September 2023(PDF, 149 KB, accessible)
The already poor sentiment among SMEs has deteriorated further. Business sentiment fell for the fourth consecutive month, dipping in August to the lowest level since the acute energy worries of October last year. Situation assessments fell more sharply than expectations, as they did in the previous month. However, sentiment among large enterprises deteriorated even more than among SMEs. Overall, the German economy will likely need to take baby steps to work its way out of the broad economic trough.
The quarterly KfW Venture Capital Dashboard presents the developments in the venture capital market in Germany.
German start-ups raised just under EUR 2.5 billion in 266 financing rounds in Q2 2023. In the first half of 2023 the German VC market thus proved to be quite capable of adapting to the new environment of interest rate reversal, energy crisis and macroeconomic uncertainty.
The Dashboard also provides deeper insights into VC finance activities for German start-ups, including by financing phase, investor origin, technological fields and exit activity. It also compares the market with major international benchmarks. The overview is rounded off by a look at the development of venture debt transactions.
KfW Venture Capital Dashboard Q2 2023(PDF, 1 MB, accessible)
Following record growth in the previous year, new lending from German banks to enterprises and self-employed persons in the first quarter remained just barely below the level of the same quarter last year. Available data already indicates stagnation for the second quarter. Banks remain cautious in their lending practices but an end to the tightening of lending criteria appears to be in sight.
Credit demand is restrained, crisis-related liquidity requirements have largely decreased. High interest rates and a weak economic outlook are dampening the appetite for investment finance.
For the third quarter we expect new lending to be 10% lower than in the extraordinarily strong third quarter of last year. However, if investment activity by businesses turns out weaker than we expect, lending could contract even more sharply.
KfW Credit Market Outlook August 2023(PDF, 204 KB, accessible)
After loosening their lending criteria in the first quarter, most financial institutions took a cautious approach again in the second quarter. Both SMEs and large enterprises had to overcome higher obstacles than usual in accessing credit. While the KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs remained nearly unchanged (25.6%), a significantly higher share of large enterprises (17.9%) reported that banks had adopted restrictive policies.
There is good news to report about small and medium-sized service enterprises and large construction firms. After banks were particularly cautious towards them in the previous quarter, negotiating loans was now much easier for businesses in these two economic sectors.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q2 2023(PDF, 218 KB, accessible)
The mood at the start of the summer quarter has turned sour. SME business sentiment in July fell to the lowest level since November last year. This time, unlike in previous months, situation assessments plunged more steeply than expectations. The cautious optimism from the spring has vanished; the economic stalemate continues for the time being.
One in every ten of the 3.8 million small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany compete internationally. Larger manufacturing firms in particular, which are among the main drivers of turnover, employment and investment in the SME sector, compete with foreign rivals. These often come from Europe but also from China, other regions of Asia and the US. German SMEs currently see themselves as being well-positioned in international competition in many respects. Most of them are also optimistic about their future competitive position but they also see a clear need for action. Eliminating bureaucracy, addressing the shortage of skilled labour, creating acceptance for the green transformation by preventing competitive disadvantages, safeguarding the supply of raw materials and energy and driving digitalisation forward are important steps.
KfW Internationalisation Report 2023(PDF, 2 MB, non-accessible)
Innovator rate fell in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic has left its imprint on the innovation activity of small and medium-sized enterprises. The key findings of the current report are:
- The innovator rate in the SME sector dropped to 40%
- At EUR 33.9 billion, innovation expenditure in 2021 remained steady from the previous year
- The proportion of innovative enterprises grows with the size of the company
- Easing the skilled labour shortage is key to more innovation
SME business confidence literally plummeted in June. Its 5.4 point decline on the previous month was nearly as steep as it was immediately after natural gas deliveries from Russia stopped last September. The main cause was a surge in pessimistic expectations but situation assessment also fell noticeably. The only good news which the KfW-ifo SME Barometer for June has to offer relates to future inflation trends, as the decline in sales price expectations of the past nine months continues unabated.
The quarterly German Venture Capital Market Dashboard published by KfW Research presents the developments in the venture capital market in Germany.
In the first quarter of 2023, a total of EUR 1.9 billion was invested in 254 financing rounds in the German VC market. For now, the market appears to be unfazed by the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in the US. However, given the persistently unfavourable overall environment (inflation, monetary tightening, dim prospects for IPOs), a trend reversal is yet to arrive.
The Dashboard also provides deeper insights into VC finance activities for German start-ups, including by financing phase, investor origin, technological fields and exit activity. It also compares the market with major international benchmarks. The overview is rounded off by a look at the development of venture debt transactions.
KfW Venture Capital Dashboard Q1 2023(PDF, 1 MB, accessible)
After six consecutive rises, the recovery in SME business sentiment has stalled. This was caused by a sharp drop in business expectations in an unchanged average business situation. Sentiment among large enterprises has fallen even more steeply. Sales price expectations, however, continue trending downward.
Corporate lending slowed in the final quarter of 2022 following record growth in summer. The easing of tensions in the energy markets and the subsiding of supply bottlenecks means that fewer loans are required to cover unplanned funding requirements. The increase in new loans from German banks to businesses and self-employed persons was, however, still significant at 19% year-on-year, as calculated by KfW Research. And that although the growth rate almost halved. We expect bank lending to continue to cool in the first half of 2023. In addition to higher interest rates, this will be due to lacklustre business investment and above-average difficulty in accessing bank loans.
KfW Credit Market Outlook March 2023(PDF, 275 KB, accessible)
The KfW-ifo SME Barometer for April brings good news overall but also some bad news: On balance, business confidence in the SME sector rose moderately. That is the sixth consecutive increase, after the mood last autumn literally collapsed under the acute fear of an energy crisis. The increase, however, was driven solely by rising business expectations, as situation assessments deteriorated. We would be well advised to continue keeping our expectations for the 2023 business cycle low.
German businesses are able to access credit more easily again. The KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for the 1st quarter of 2023 is considerably below the previous high levels. Still, one quarter of small and medium-sized enterprises still perceive the behaviour of banks in loan negotiations as restrictive. Credit access therefore remains more difficult than average. The easing of lending policies is mainly attributable to the deescalation of the energy crisis. Loan defaults become less likely as a result of the improved economic risk situation.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q1 2023(PDF, 138 KB, accessible)
Sentiment among SMEs continued to brighten with the advent of spring. Significant improvements in situation assessments as well as expectations boosted business sentiment in March. It was the fifth consecutive monthly increase. The last time businesses were more optimistic was in January 2022, just before the beginning of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Interestingly, SMEs are more satisfied with their current business situation than large enterprises.
SME sentiment continues to improve going into Lent. In February, the mood rose to the highest level since June of last year. This time, unlike in the previous month, both sentiment components contributed to the improvement. The sharply declining sales price expectations of enterprises give hope that the continuing high inflation will start to ease soon.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer February 2023(PDF, 191 KB, accessible)
Economics in Brief
The debate around a growing number of zombie companies in the SME sector is not new. Such concerns were recently exacerbated by the fact that the predicted wave of insolvencies driven by the coronavirus crisis did not eventuate. However, a special analysis conducted by the KfW SME Panel has revealed that those concerns appear to be unjustified. Only around four per cent of small and medium-sized businesses in Germany show a critical debt sustainability level. Their low profitability does not allow them to meet their interest obligations. Nothing indicates that the share of financially weak enterprises may have grown in the crisis years. In addition to economic support packages, adaptability, innovativeness and robust earning power even in times of crisis along with a broadly solid financial basis have enabled SMEs to get through the crisis well.
The second year of the coronavirus pandemic brought a significant boost in digitalisation but the divide between pioneers and latecomers threatens to widen
The key finding is that digitalisation expenditure peaked in 2021, but the share of businesses with digitalisation activities hardly increased compared with pre-pandemic times. Staffing problems affect digitally active businesses to a particularly large degree:
- Boost from the pandemic continues as businesses begin to tackle more complex projects
- Risk of a split into digital pioneers and small firms left behind is greater than ever
- Lack of digital literacy and IT experts is slowing progress
KfW SME Digitalisation Report 2022(PDF, 2 MB, non-accessible)
The mood among small and medium-sized enterprises improved yet again as they entered the new year. Their business sentiment rose for the fourth consecutive month in January, mainly on the back of improved expectations. Fears of a sharp economic downturn are increasingly waning.
In the final quarter of 2022, the KfW ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for small and medium-sized enterprises increased for the third consecutive time. Of the surveyed SMEs who were in loan negotiations, 31.3% regarded the policies of banks as restrictive – 3.4 percentage points more than in the previous quarter. With that, the Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs reached a new record high since the current survey methodology was introduced in 2017. Tighter lending conditions affected mainly SMEs in retail (+8.6 percentage points) and the services sector (+6.7 percentage points). For manufacturers, on the other hand, the tense situation in the credit market appears to have eased slightly on the previous quarter (-2.9 percentage points).
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q4 2022(PDF, 152 KB, accessible)
According to the current KfW Credit Market Outlook, new lending from banks and savings banks in Germany to companies and self-employed persons increased by a record high 36.1% in the third quarter of 2022. New lending growth thus increased by another 15 percentage points on the previous quarter. Towards the end of the year, however, credit growth has likely started to weaken.
KfW Credit Market Outlook December 2022(PDF, 223 KB, accessible)
SME business sentiment improved for the third consecutive month. It rose 4.9 points to -14.5 balance points in the lead-up to Christmas. Expectations began to improve already in October and continued to rise but situation assessments also improved now for the first time since June. Sales price expectations dropped sharply.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer December 2022(PDF, 121 KB, accessible)
SME business sentiment jumped by 3.6 points to -19.7 balance points in November. The shift in the gloomy sentiment was solely the result of a strong improvement in expectations, while situation assessments deteriorated again. Businesses recognise that the risk of a gas shortage has decreased and are probably reacting favourably to the most recent support package by the federal government. In a historical comparison, however, they remain very pessimistic.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer November 2022(PDF, 162 KB, accessible)
Businesses in Germany invested around EUR 55 billion in climate action last year. However, annual investment volume will need to more than double in order for Germany to reach net zero by 2045. This was revealed by the KfW Climate Barometer, a new business survey which collects data on climate action investments for the entire business sector in Germany for the first time and provides insights into the attitudes and activities of businesses around the implementation of the energy transition. The findings also show that so far, few business leaders have adopted specific greenhouse gas reduction targets and know the carbon footprint of their business. Large enterprises have taken the lead here. Only one in ten businesses so far aims to become climate-neutral. Economic incentives and streamlined planning and approval procedures are major control levers that make the greening of the economy possible.
The disruption to economic conditions resulting from energy shortages, supply problems and the resulting price pressure is also evident in the corporate credit market. German businesses and self-employed persons extensively took out new bank loans in the second quarter, despite the imminent recession and increasingly tighter financial conditions.
According to calculations by KfW Research, new lending grew by a massive 21.3% year on year. That is a new record.
The main driver for this strong growth was a combination of high funding requirements for working capital and inventories, KfW loans to companies in the energy sector on behalf of the Federal Government to secure energy supplies, as well as the very weak lending in the second quarter of 2021.
KfW Credit Market Outlook October 2022(PDF, 129 KB, accessible)
Whereas small and medium-sized enterprises repeatedly saw their confidence levels literally plummet in the previous months, sentiment fell by only 0.1 point in October, thus moving virtually sideways on a very low level of -23.8 balance points in what remains a difficult environment shaped by material shortages, an inflationary surge and the war in Ukraine. The partial stabilisation is due to the somewhat less pessimistic business expectations. The German Federal Government’s fiscal support package and the decreased likelihood of a gas shortage are both likely to have bolstered expectations.
KfW Research Position paper
Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic have shaken the foundations of a rules-based world order and the German economic model. Even amid the necessary short-term crisis management, investments are key to successful adaptation to the changed environment. They make restructuring energy supplies and the green and digital transformation possible – and demand a joint effort by government, the business community and private households. The lion’s share of necessary investment will have to come from the private sector. The current burdens from high energy costs and uncertainties act as additional roadblocks. So it is all the more important to encourage and provide intelligent support for private investment. Government therefore has a key role to play: first, by formulating targets and setting frameworks and incentives and second, by investing in infrastructure and human capital, both of which are required for the productive realisation of private-sector activity.
A boost in investment for the transformation – what exactly is needed?(PDF, 220 KB, accessible)
Further information The coronavirus crisis and its impact
SMEs barely have time to catch their breath after the coronavirus pandemic. The Ukraine war and the energy crisis are now causing them trouble. Energy prices are the number one uncertainty and their effects have yet to filter through in full. Business sentiment has deteriorated significantly. Already there are signs that companies are reluctant to invest, pressure on equity ratios is mounting and credit access is becoming more difficult in 2022. SMEs at least entered the current crisis on a solid foundation. In 2021 they largely recovered the deep losses they suffered in the first year of the crisis. Turnover, employment and profitability increased and equity ratios also recovered noticeably in the past year. These are the findings of the KfW SME Panel 2022, which paints a comprehensive picture of the present situation in autumn of 2022 and of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises during the past year.
Financing conditions for small and medium-sized enterprises deteriorated abruptly in the third quarter. The KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator for SMEs experienced a considerable spike to reach a record high. Of the businesses engaged in loan negotiations, 27.9% reported restrictive bank lending policies.
SMEs currently facing the greatest difficulties in accessing credit are service providers, followed by manufacturers. The energy crisis, rising interest rates and the foreseeable recession are likely to be the main factors causing banks to tighten their lending policy towards SMEs. Credit institutions are still significantly more accommodating towards large enterprises. The Credit Constraint Indicator for this size class has dropped over two consecutive quarters and now sits at a mere 11.2%.
KfW-ifo Credit Constraint Indicator Q3 2022(PDF, 256 KB, accessible)
It has been a frosty start to autumn, at least where SME sentiment is concerned. The constant flow of bad news around the war and the energy crisis caused SME business confidence in September to plunge nearly three times the rate of a typical monthly variation. Situation assessments und expectations both deteriorated sharply. GDP probably contracted already in the summer, and at least two further negative quarterly rates will follow. Germany is drifting into recession.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer September 2022(PDF, 227 KB, accessible)
After coronavirus slump, number of start-ups recovered in 2021
The number of innovation- or growth-driven young enterprises in Germany has bounced back again. After the coronavirus-induced downturn in 2020, the number of start-ups grew to 61,000 in 2021. It has been found that entrepreneurs wishing to use venture capital are more likely to have characteristics that make it easier for them to access VC. They are more likely to combine an orientation towards innovation and growth, more likely to have an academic background and much more likely to have digital offerings, internet-based business models and international target markets. At the same time, however, female start-up entrepreneurs are less likely to seek VC finance.
The cocktail of exploding energy costs, waning purchasing power, major uncertainties around natural gas supplies and the ongoing war in Ukraine is increasingly spoiling the mood among SMEs. SME business sentiment dropped for the third consecutive month in August. Situation assessments continue to slide and expectations are more pessimistic than almost ever before. We expect the German economy to contract by 0.3% in 2023 after growing by 1.4% in the current year.
After a brief phase of stabilisation, SME business confidence nosedived again at the start of the summer quarter. In July it plunged 9.5 points to -15.3 balance points, a variation nearly four times the usual monthly rate. The already very pessimistic business expectations continued to fall and situation assessments also deteriorated markedly.
Focus on Economics
A recent study commissioned by KfW Research examines innovation activities, the obstacles encountered in the process and the positioning of six different types of SMEs in the German innovation system. The key findings are:
- Small and medium-sized enterprises contribute one-third of the innovation performance of the German economy.
- Innovative companies without R&D also achieve considerable innovation successes.
- The share of non-innovative companies has increased by ten percentage points over the past ten years.
- Shortage of skilled workers and high costs: Obstacles to innovation have increased significantly since the mid-2000s.
Sentiment among large enterprises fell sharply in June, while SMEs reported steady business confidence overall. Underlying this, however, are opposing trends in situation assessments and expectations, as well as significant sectoral differences. While situation assessments have improved for the third consecutive month, expectations are becoming increasingly pessimistic. Most of all, the significantly higher probability that Russia will halt its supplies of natural gas is good reason to fear a recession.
SMEs that have a digitalisation strategy spend more on digitalisation and carry out a wider range of digitalisation activities. They also use ambitious digital technologies more often. In order to better tap into the digitalisation potential, it appears essential to raise awareness amongst SMES of the strategic importance of digitalisation.
The slight improvement in sentiment among SMEs continued in May for the second consecutive month. Nevertheless, confidence remains well below the level recorded before Russia invaded Ukraine. Moreover, this time only the situation assessments improved, while business expectations became even more pessimistic. Enterprises are staring down an economic abyss. How deep they will fall, however, is a different matter.
For now, German SMEs have overcome the immediate shock of the war. Their business sentiment improved again slightly in April after collapsing the month before as a result of Russia's attack on Ukraine. Still, the rise makes up for just barely one eighth of the March decline. Where the economy is heading depends on many unknowns.
The war in Ukraine has caused new disruptions to global supply chains, which were already under severe pressure from the coronavirus pandemic. Small and medium-sized enterprises also remain under great strain from supply bottlenecks. Particularly hard hit are the SMEs that source raw materials, intermediate inputs or services from abroad – especially from China, Russia and the United Kingdom. As a result of the material shortages, one in four SMEs have had to raise their prices. Supply bottlenecks remain a major driver of inflation. The coronavirus pandemic and supply chain disruptions have also made a mark on Germany’s exports and thus on the international turnover of small and medium-sized enterprises. In 2020 they plummeted by around 11%. At EUR 533 billion, they were at the lowest level in more than ten years. In 2021 the international turnover of small and medium-sized enterprises recovered slightly but remained below pre-crisis levels. There is great uncertainty as to how things will develop.
KfW Internationalisation Report 2022(PDF, 1 MB, non-accessible)
SME business sentiment in Germany has fallen abruptly as a reaction to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. At -9.4 points it is now on a similar level as during the second COVID-19 wave in the winter of 2020/2021. The drop was driven primarily by business expectations, which plunged dramatically by 25.9 points, the sharpest decline recorded since the beginning of the time series. By contrast, companies rate their current business situation only slightly lower than in the previous month. The impact on the economy will ultimately depend on the duration of the war and the spiral of escalation in military action and sanctions.
Current KfW Research study examines the development of digitalisation activity among SMEs during the coronavirus pandemic. The key finding is that the coronavirus has led to a digitalisation push but that digitalisation has not become a matter of course:
- 35% of SMEs have expanded their activity since the pandemic began
- The fear of customers permanently switching to digital offerings is a major motivation
- The full potential of digitalisation is not being raised: complex projects are rarely addressed
KfW SME Digitalisation Report 2021(PDF, 1 MB, non-accessible)
The easing of the pandemic led to a strong, broad-based improvement in business sentiment among SMEs. Business situation assessments and expectations both improved very significantly. Confidence improved noticeably among large enterprises as well. In ordinary times one would have been able to openly rejoice about this trend. But these times are anything but ordinary. Now a new war in Europe and the resulting sanctions hang over further economic developments like a sword of Damocles.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer February 2022(PDF, 180 KB, accessible)
In January many are driven by hope for the summer, especially in times of a pandemic. This is particularly true for small and medium-sized enterprises, which are currently grappling with mandated restrictions, consumer restraint or indirect pandemic consequences such as global supply bottlenecks. The current KfW-ifo SME Barometer illustrates that, although many of them deplored a further deterioration in the business situation at the start of the year, they also hold a much more optimistic view of the near future again.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer January 2022(PDF, 141 KB, non-accessible)
Omicron is drawing new worry lines on the faces of managers in small and medium-sized enterprises. SME business sentiment worsened noticeably in December, continuing the downward trend that began in July and paused only in October. For the first time since April, sentiment has thus dropped again below the historic average. The expectation component alone is actually deep in pessimistic territory now. Dark clouds are gathering on the economic horizon this winter and dimming the outlook for 2022.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer December 2021(PDF, 100 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
Germany’s transition to climate neutrality by the middle of the century is a key challenge. As a crucial element of the business ecosystem, SMEs have a particular responsibility. Now for the first time SMEs’ climate action investments can be quantified on the basis of the KfW SME Panel. In 2020, around 460,000 SMEs invested a total of EUR 22 billion in measures that also serve to protect the climate. In other words, roughly one in ten euros invested by SMEs went to climate action projects. Furthermore, three in ten enterprises are planning to increasingly invest in climate change adaptation measures in order to improve their crisis resilience to climate impacts. Larger enterprises and manufacturers generally exhibit greater commitment. This is where the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions is greatest. But the services sector will also be crucial for achieving climate neutrality.
Business sentiment in the SME sector fell sharply in November. Business situation assessments and expectations are both plummeting. While concern over the pandemic is weighing on the services segment and many retailers, manufacturers are bemoaning persistent supply bottlenecks. Given the shortages, many small and medium-sized enterprises of all sectors are planning to increase their prices as never before.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer November 2021(PDF, 145 KB, non-accessible)
After deteriorating over the past three months, SME business sentiment broke its downward trend to improve again slightly in October. The rise was due to improved situation assessments as well as marginally more optimistic expectations. The decline in sentiment among large enterprises, however, continued unabated.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer October 2021(PDF, 147 KB, non-accessible)
The KfW SME Panel 2021 shows that small and medium-sized enterprises got through the crisis year 2020 with relatively few bruises. Flexibility and adaptability enabled SMEs to survive the impact of the coronavirus crisis successfully. In particular, the rapid expansion of digital sales channels limited turnover losses to EUR 277 billion. Despite the worsened income situation, the feared massive depletion of the equity base of broad sectors did not materialise. The overall capital structure of SMEs is robust. However, small businesses sustained significant losses and investment also suffered. More plans were put off than ever before, while smaller crisis adaptation projects predominated. Businesses continue to face major challenges as they begin the transition to a climate-neutral economy and scramble to catch up in the digitalisation race.
Focus on Economics
The digital transformation is an important driver of technological progress and growth. However, Germany is midrange at best in the use of digital technologies by the business community and the development of such technologies is also not among the strengths of the German innovation system.
The country will have to invest significantly more in these technologies to catch up with other major countries. In order to be on a par with with France, Japan or the UK, for example, Germany’s IT investment will have to at least double or triple – from currently EUR 49 billion to EUR 100–150 billion.
Focus on Economics
The German economy will grow at a significantly slower pace this year than was forecast just a few months ago. This is due in part to supply bottlenecks for materials and inputs, which have also affected broad areas of the SME sector. Shortages have impacted nearly half of all small and medium-sized enterprises and almost 80% of manufacturing and construction firms.
As a consequence, production has been disrupted and companies are unable to meet delivery deadlines, are forced to decline customers’ orders and adjust prices. Around one in four SMEs have to pass on to their customers the price increases for raw materials such as steel, timber or plastic and inputs such as microprocessors, which have in part been considerable. The impact on employment has been rather minor so far. Nevertheless, only few businesses believe the supply bottlenecks will be resolved quickly.
Business sentiment among small and medium-sized enterprises has embarked on a downward trend, dropping for the third consecutive month. Just like the weather, economic activity this late summer was a mixed bag. Particularly in manufacturing, confidence has dropped significantly as a result of the widespread shortages of materials and transport capacity. But there are bright spots, as sentiment is improving among service providers and, in particular, the construction industry..
KfW-ifo SME Barometer September 2021(PDF, 96 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The market environment and SME’s corresponding competition strategies influence their approach to innovation and digitalisation. Innovative companies operate in particularly challenging markets. Short product life cycles, technological uncertainty and competitors from abroad mean that the affected enterprises focus heavily on developing new products. In markets served by companies with digitalisation activities, on the other hand, demand is very responsive to price. An enterprise’s strategic orientation plays a less important role for digitalisation than for innovation. Innovators and businesses with digitalisation activities both operate more successfully than businesses without such activities.
Coronavirus crisis weighs on start-up numbers – minor impact on start-ups that are open to VC
The coronavirus crisis has reduced the number of innovation- or growth-driven young enterprises in Germany. In 2020 the number of such start-ups dropped to 47,000. In comparison with the overall decline in start-ups, the number of start-ups open to venture capital remained relatively steady at 8,600. Women are clearly underrepresented in the start-up ecosystem. Female entrepreneurs make up 20% of start-ups on average throughout the years, which is only about half their share in overall business starting activity. This is due to persistent social gender stereotypes and established structures.
Focus on Economics
Digitalisation is an integral part of SMEs' day-to-day operations. Basic digital skills such as knowing how to use computers, tablets and standard software is of great importance for more than 80% of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In addition, one quarter of SMEs have a need for advanced skills such as programming and data analysis. A supplementary survey to the KfW SME Panel has shown that one in three SMEs lack urgently needed digital skills. A broad training campaign could prevent the shortage of digital skills from becoming a major barrier to digital structural change.
German SMEs lack digital skills, need more training (PDF, 219 KB, non-accessible)
After the lockdown measures were largely lifted, the highly transmissible Delta variant has unleashed a fourth coronavirus wave in Germany. At the same time, the shortages of materials and supplies in the manufacturing sector are proving to be more persistent than initially assumed. Both of these factors are fuelling concerns over the future economic recovery, dragging down SME business sentiment for the second consecutive month in August. The sole driver of the renewed drop was again the expectation component of the business climate, whereas situation assessments rose to a new annual high.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer August 2021(PDF, 140 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The impact of the coronavirus pandemic has hit the entire SME sector. A current study shows which groups of enterprises get through the crisis more easily and which ones struggle. KfW Research has published a position paper proposing economic policy measures so that Germany emerges stronger from the crisis. The coronavirus crisis has had a significant impact on the SME sector. The current study by KfW Research reveals that the crisis has not impacted all SMEs in equal measure but affects individual segments more than others. Small businesses, internationally active companies and enterprises that already had a weak credit rating in particular suffered declines in their equity ratios. By contrast, enterprises whose credit rating indicates well-developed management skills exhibit greater crisis resilience, as do those that carried out innovation and digitalisation projects already before the crisis.
Focus on Economics
The coronavirus pandemic has dramatically changed our patterns of consumption and behaviour. Some of these changes are likely to remain in place even after the end of the pandemic. The findings of a special survey conducted as part of the KfW SME Panel show that this will have a lasting impact on demand for products and services provided by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Germany. Around 14% of SMEs expect stronger demand for their products and services after the crisis. But at the same time, 17% of SMEs expect a permanent drop in demand. The affected segment of the business sector will probably not be able to avoid a transformation process. The task will be to support this process with appropriate promotional measures and workforce training programmes.
For a long time, business sentiment among SMEs knew only one direction – up. This has now suffered a setback and has fallen for the first time since January. Concerns about newly rising incidence rates are the main reason. Business sentiment among small and medium-sized enterprises is declining solely due to expectations, while the situation assessment is showing a moderate improvement.
Focus on Economics
Digitalisation doesn’t stop when it comes to corporate financing meaning it is now possible to gain finance via the online credit platforms of digital providers. The KfW SME Panel shows: Third-party financing via online credit platforms remains the exception among SMEs. In 2018 and 2019, around 77,000 SMEs used this financing alternative to an amount of EUR 3.4 billion. On the whole only comparatively small financing volumes are involved. There is, however, a (very) small group of businesses that use credit platforms to a greater extent. Rapid financing approvals and simple application procedures speak for the credit platforms. Only moderate growth is expected in the short term. However, the coronavirus pandemic could increase acceptance of digital financial services and boost online credit platforms in the long term.
Focus on Economics
Digitalisation and innovation projects are regarded as key drivers of technological progress. A current study from KfW Research aims to shed light on the correlation between these activities. The central findings are:
- Digitalisation and innovation in businesses are closely correlated and mutually reinforce each other.
- Businesses that implement both digitalisation and innovation projects address their digitalisation more extensively and thoroughly than other businesses.
- These businesses achieve higher growth than those that only carry out digitalisation projects.
As the pandemic situation has clearly eased, SME sentiment in June surged again at a similar pace as in May, almost matching the level of large enterprises. The improvement in business situation assessments was the second strongest since the beginning of the time series in January 2005, while SMEs’ expectations were more optimistic than they have been for more than ten years now. Now it is crucial to take responsibility for the regained freedom and to continue rolling out vaccines quickly, especially given the accelerating spread of the highly infectious Delta variant of the virus.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer June 2021(PDF, 138 KB, non-accessible)
Coronavirus crisis is slowing down innovation among SMEs
The coronavirus pandemic has left its mark on SMEs’ innovation activity. After a brief surge at the beginning of the pandemic, small and medium-sized enterprises further reduced their innovation activities. The key findings are:
- Three in ten SMEs reduced their innovation in 2020
- Financing difficulties and skills shortages are the main barriers
- The share of innovators in the SME sector rose in 2019 as a result of new OECD definitions
Coronavirus crisis is putting pressure on businesses – lending environment is becoming more difficult.
KfW Group has conducted its 20th business survey on bank behaviour and financing in collaboration with 18 business associations.
The most important findings:
- The financing situation of enterprises has worsened. The proportion of enterprises reporting difficulties in accessing credit was 26.5%.
- Around 60% of the surveyed enterprises conducted loan negotiations in 2020. Long-term loans were particularly sought-after.
- The crisis has weighed on enterprises’ financial situation. That has put downward pressure on ratings, with 34.5% of enterprises reporting a lower credit rating.
- Around two thirds of the surveyed enterprises invested in their business in 2020, although less than the year before. However, investment plans for 2021 point to a recovery.
Business Survey 2021 - Lending - Summary(PDF, 87 KB, non-accessible)
The third wave of coronavirus infections has been contained, the vaccination rate is rising and there are prospects for continuing relaxations of lockdown rules in more and more regions. This good news quickly lifted the spirits of small and medium-sized enterprises in May, sending confidence levels back into positive territory for the first time since the start of the pandemic. The rise is bolstered primarily by a much more optimistic outlook on the coming six months. But although it is all systems go for the economy, it is also good advice to be gentle with the accelerator. Lifting regulations too quickly could still put Germany at risk of gambling away the most recent successes in containing the pandemic.
The third coronavirus wave has required tighter lockdowns in many places and there is still a long way to go before broad sections of the population have been immunised. At the same time, the global economy is clearly recovering. In an environment filled with contradictory signals, SMEs are putting up a good fight. Their business sentiment rose for the third consecutive month. Both sentiment components contributed to the increase. In order for the hoped-for upswing to now become a reality, new infections must be consistently contained and vaccinations ramped up further.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer April 2021(PDF, 137 KB, non-accessible)
The coronavirus crisis has left a deep mark on the German SME sector. SMEs that generate part of their turnover abroad were hit particularly hard. They were more likely than other SMEs to suffer a decline in demand, shrinking sales territories and disrupted supply chains. Estimates put the decline in SMEs’ international turnovers at a significant 17% in 2020, down to around EUR 494 billion after some EUR 596 billion in the pre-pandemic year 2019. The experience of the crisis is likely to have a lasting impact on SMEs’ global integration. Many businesses want to focus more strongly on domestic customers and suppliers in the years ahead. On the other hand, large SMEs in particular want to diversify their international business more. Only very few intend to withdraw from global value chains – the international division of labour continues to provide advantages despite the coronavirus crisis.
KfW Internationalisation Report 2021(PDF, 1 MB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The coronavirus crisis really pulled the handbrake on in-company continuing education in 2020 because many companies do not have the money, time and planning certainty they need. A current supplementary survey under the KfW SME Panel revealed that nearly 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises reduced their continuing education activities last year, half of them down to zero. But the need for continuing education remains during the crisis. Indeed, it grew strongly in the area of digital skills in 2020. Lack of digital skills in the workforce is one of the most formidable barriers to the digital structural transformation, making the crisis-induced decline in continuing education all the more problematic for enterprises’ future transformational capacity and competitiveness.
In March, sentiment among small and medium-sized enterprises brightened for the second consecutive month – this time very strongly. With the arrival of spring, business confidence rose three times the typical monthly variation. Expectations in particular spiked, turning slightly positive for the first time since the outbreak of the pandemic. Large enterprises are currently even more upbeat. But the strong improvements in sentiment across the overall economy are only a snapshot amid the surging third wave of infections. Yet they underscore the great potential for a rebound once the pandemic has been successfully suppressed. They can be seen as a vote of confidence in the upturn.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer: March 2021(PDF, 155 KB, non-accessible)
The current KfW SME Digitalisation Report examines the development of digitalisation activity before and during the coronavirus pandemic.
The key finding is that digitalisation activity exhibited a mixed trend during the crisis:
• One third of SMEs expanded their digitalisation activities, while another third still did not carry out any digitalisation projects at all
• Most have put crisis management measures in place that could be implemented swiftly, while strategically oriented projects were more often postponed
• Large SMEs in particular have been ramping up their activities; the SME sector could break up into two groups
KfW SME Digitalisation Report 2020(PDF, 1 MB, non-accessible)
A current study commissioned by KfW Research identifies which technologies are the most promising for Germany in the medium term. The most important results are:
• Germany has a differentiated technological profile
• Good starting positions particularly for automotive and manufacturing, as well as environmental and climate technologies
• It is imperative to expand competences with regard to information technologies.
After January was spent digesting the hard lockdown, February brought a hint of spring. SME business confidence rose again noticeably by 4.2 points to -10.1 balance points. Expectations in particular improved and assessments of the current business situation also improved slightly. But the gap remains wide between the services and retail businesses, which were hit hard by the restrictions, and construction and industrial firms. Sentiment among small and medium-sized manufacturers continued to rise strongly. In retail businesses, on the other hand, it was only the hope for better times that brought a slight improvement in business confidence in February, while their situation assessments were almost as negative as during the first lockdown.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer: February 2021(PDF, 142 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
Artificial intelligence (AI) is seen as a future technology with strong growth potential and the qualities to be a game changer in many sectors. It is, however, not widely used in the SME sector. The focus on SMEs carrying out R&D highlights the challenges it currently still presents.
Economics in Brief
Most Germans are not really into continuing their education. This applies to low-skilled workers and those in the low-wage sector in particular. The trend is growing but 60% of the working population did not engage in further vocational education in 2018. Among workers with a low skill level it was 75%. This is of concern because the coronavirus crisis is threatening many jobs and the digital, demographic and ecological structural transformation is requiring workers to be much more adaptable. Further education can also address growing skills shortages. For a culture of lifelong learning it is therefore important to eliminate the deficits in education and professional development.
SME business sentiment: retail in freefall, manufacturing steady
SME business sentiment in Germany fell sharply in January as a result of the extended and tightened lockdown. Situation assessments and business expectations both fell. Factors that likely contributed to pessimism were uncertainty about the end of the lockdown and disappointment in the slow pace of the vaccine rollout. But the overall sentiment level is still nowhere near the record low of last spring.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer January 2021(PDF, 242 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The coronavirus pandemic caused a superficial push for innovation and digitalisation. However, as the crisis continued, the innovation efforts of SMEs deteriorated. As the crisis continues, this is also a threat to digitalisation. Long-term, strategic projects in particular are likely to be pushed aside or delayed as a result of the difficult financial circumstances.
In the first half of December, Germany’s SMEs were still relatively unimpressed by rising new infections and the prospects of a tougher lockdown. Their business confidence rose 1.4 points to -10.6 balance points. SMEs’ situation assessments improved noticeably, while their expectations were only slightly higher. The positive outlook for an easing of the situation in the medium term through the rollout of effective vaccines is likely to be neutralised by a dimmer view of the coming months. However, the specific closure of child daycare centres, schools and many stationary retail shops, which went into effect on 16 December until at least 10 January, was not yet specifically known when most of the responses were returned.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer December 2020(PDF, 88 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
In the coronavirus year of 2020, Germany’s SMEs were suddenly confronted with existential challenges and putting their plans for the future on the backburner – including transferring management to the next generation. Against that backdrop, KfW Research delivers a positive snapshot of SMEs’ succession activity. First, many entrepreneurs whose withdrawal is imminent are at least adhering to their succession plans even in the crisis. Second, they entered the crisis well-prepared and are staying the course with succession processes they had already initiated. Negotiations for almost half of the approx. 260,000 transfers planned for the next two years have been completed. But the longer the crisis drags on, the higher the risk that successions may fail. The crisis has further exacerbated a fundamental problem: the shortage of successors due to unfavourable demographics and weak entrepreneurial spirit. Removing barriers to entrepreneurial activity is key to a successful generational transition in the SME sector.
The second wave of infections and the partial lockdown leave their mark on small and medium-sized enterprises. SME business confidence fell by 4.5 points in November – a significant decline but only moderate compared to the crashes of 18 and 25 points in March and April. Situation assessments presented themselves as relatively steady, while business expectations plunged. Service enterprises are currently the most pessimistic in both size classes. After all, this segment includes all industries that have been directly affected by the lockdown since the beginning of November. Small and medium-sized enterprises in particular are likely to represent a large share of the critical sectors. Medium-sized retailers, however, also reported a rapid deterioration in business confidence. In the large enterprise segment, the manufacturing sector managed to lift overall sentiment.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer November 2020(PDF, 126 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected and unsettled Germany’s enterprises. To be sure, most enterprises rest on a solid financial foundation. The current situation, however, is making it difficult for businesses to make the necessary investments to tap into growth areas in the transition to a digital and climate-neutral economy. But such investments are very important for them to grow out of debt and secure prosperity in the future. The coronavirus crisis has already thwarted the investment plans of many small and medium-sized enterprises. Companies expect to invest almost EUR 40 billion less than last year. That is why economic policy must also seize the moment to create the framework, provide incentives for investment and lead the way with start-up finance to make future growth possible in these two key areas.
The outlook for small and medium-sized enterprises is darkening amid the second wave of infections. In October the containment measures, still mild and mostly local, hardly disrupted business activity but tighter restrictions were foreseeable as new infections were rising fast. The partial lockdown in November will interrupt the economic recovery. However, the response means there is a good chance that the damage can be confined to the particularly contact-intensive sectors. But there is still a long winter ahead and the downside risks are therefore high.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer October 2020(PDF, 127 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
Many small and medium-sized enterprises use digital platforms. This shows that many enterprises have recognised the advantages of platforms for their business and that the barriers for their use are not excessively high. Early adopters are large SMEs and knowledge-based service providers, as well as R&D-intensive manufacturers. Also apparent is the fact that young businesses and companies with a high proportion of young employees are often active on digital platforms.
Which SMEs use digital platforms?(PDF, 214 KB, non-accessible)
The coronavirus crisis has left a deep imprint on the SME sector. The KfW SME Panel 2020 shows that they continue to be severely impacted and their expectations for 2020 as a whole are at a historic low. The turnovers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are set to drop more steeply than in the financial crisis of 2009. As a result, many enterprises fear further considerable pressure on employment. Equity ratios are also under stress. But SMEs broadly rest on a solid foundation, partly because of their renewed good performance in 2019. Employment, turnovers and investment rose again last year. SMEs were able to increase their profitability and build up their financial buffers once again, so they entered the crisis from a very good position. But the pathway out is likely to be long and hard and the impact will be felt for a long time.
The ERP digitization and innovation loan has currently been evaluated externally. As the evaluation confirms, the program addresses the key obstacles and helps to transform the innovation potential of small and medium-sized companies into growth. The funding has measurable positive effects on innovation and investment expenditure as well as on employment and sales growth, as could be determined using a modern statistical method. The funding is also characterized by high efficiency. A summary of the evaluation results can be found here:
Evaluation of the KfW Programme ERP Digitalisation and Innovation Loan(PDF, 2 MB, non-accessible)
Number of start-ups in Germany was steady at 70,000 in 2019 – impact of the coronavirus crisis is uncertain
The number of innovation- or growth-driven young enterprises in Germany has stabilised. After rising in 2017 and 2018, the number of start-ups stayed at 70,000 in 2019. It is uncertain how the coronavirus crisis will impact the development of start-ups in 2020. More businesses will close their doors and there will be fewer start-ups, probably leading to more internet-based and digital business models. One fifth of start-up founders plan to employ venture capital to finance their future growth. That is twice as many as in the previous year. The appetite for VC is growing.
A second wave of new coronavirus infections is on its way in Europe, taking on alarming proportions in some neighbouring countries and jeopardising the economic recovery. Against this backdrop, the fifth rise in the business climate indicator for German SMEs is sending out reassuring signals. Nevertheless, the resurging pandemic is becoming a growing obstacle for the economy as the cold season begins. It can still be overcome but the difficult part of the recovery has begun.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer September 2020(PDF, 129 KB, non-accessible)
VC market Germany: Ready for the next development stage
The market for venture capital has been growing in Germany for some years now. Since 2014, annual VC investment has grown from EUR 0.7 billion to EUR 1.9 billion. But the German VC market is falling further behind other countries, as their VC markets have evolved much better in relation to the strength of their economies. In order to catch up with the United Kingdom, the European champion, German start-ups would have to receive roughly twice as much venture capital each year and over one third more to reach the level of France.
Large financing rounds pose a particular challenge for the German VC market. Foreign investors are involved in nine out of ten financing rounds. For the German VC ecosystem, that increases the risk of start-ups that need finance leaving the country.
The economic crisis from the coronavirus shock is unprecedented in the speed of its spread, its depth and global scale. Because of high uncertainty, a lasting recovery is particularly difficult and will depend mainly on meeting three key challenges: First, the business sector can be expected to incur higher debt, which will adversely impact investment activity. High loan losses and low earnings are putting increased pressure on banks’ equity positions, reducing credit supply. Second, the coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the implementation of short-term digitalisation and innovation projects. More long-term, in-depth projects, however, are at risk of being put off for lack of funds. Third, climate change demands structural adjustments in all areas of the economy which must be addressed quickly and decisively regardless of financial constraints.
Where to from here? The crucial next steps in the coronavirus crisis(PDF, 214 KB, non-accessible)
Proportion of businesses planning digital projects stagnates on a high level
KfW Group has surveyed enterprises about their digitalisation activities in collaboration with 19 business associations for the fourth time. The most important results:
- The current survey does not confirm the trend of the past years towards more businesses with digitalisation plans. But the coronavirus pandemic is set to give digitalisation a fresh boost.
- Large enterprises as well as wholesale and foreign trade businesses are pioneers of digitalisation.
- Seizing opportunities remains the most important motive for digitalisation. However, pressure from the business environment to step up digitalisation is clearly increasing.
Business Survey 2020 – Digitalisation (Summary)(PDF, 86 KB, accessible)
The initially very strong sentiment improvement driven by the relaxation of coronavirus restrictions since May is weakening. In August, however, SME business confidence continued to brighten but much less than in the preceding months, remaining well below the pre-crisis level of February. For the first time in a good two and a half years, large enterprises are slightly more upbeat than SMEs. The easy part of the recovery since the historic slump in eeconomic activity in April is over and bringing it closer to what it was before the crisis this coming autumn and winter will be rather challenging by comparison.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer August 2020(PDF, 119 KB, non-accessible)
Economics in Brief
More and more businesses now use social media – even to recruit workers. At present, some 40% of small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany hire workers using social media, and the European average is as high as 46%. This was revealed by the European SME Survey, for which KfW Research interviewed more than 2,500 businesses in Germany, France, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom jointly with other European promotional banks.
Businesses that are heavily affected by the skills shortage in particular turn to social media. Another reason these channels are becoming increasingly important in recruiting skills is that more age cohorts who have grown up with digital media are entering the workforce. The coronavirus crisis has provided further impetus to the use of social media and is likely to boost their use in the SME sector in the medium term as well.
Social media – a tool for SMEs to recruit talent(PDF, 94 KB, non-accessible)
SME business sentiment rose for the third consecutive month in July. This shows that small and medium-sized enterprises were quite successful in relaunching their businesses after the containment of the first wave of infections. They started the summer quarter on a robust path of recovery. What is particularly encouraging is that situation assessments also improved. However, headwinds are building. Continuing high global infection rates are hurting export-oriented manufacturing in particular. The recent rise in new infections in Germany also poses a risk to almost all sectors.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer July 2020(PDF, 106 KB, non-accessible)
Businesses are well-equipped for the crisis
In cooperation with 19 trade associations, KfW Group has conducted a business survey on banking behaviour and financing for the 19th time.
The most important results are:
- The financing situation remained good until the outbreak of the coronavirus crisis.
- The proportion of enterprises reporting difficulties in accessing credit was 13.4%.
- As before, however, small businesses are still much more likely to face difficulties in accessing credit.
- The positive development of businesses’ equity ratio and credit rating continued up until the beginning of 2020.
- Bank loans remain an important source of funding for businesses. Internal funding, however, continues to play by far the most important role in business financing.
Business Survey 2020 – Access to finance (Summary)(PDF, 83 KB, accessible)
Focus on Economics
Many SMEs are reacting to the coronavirus crisis with innovations. 27% have already introduced process, product or business model innovations. If we include the companies who are still planning to do this, the share rises to 43%. This includes businesses who have suffered heavy losses in turnover in particular. The innovations tend to represent measures that can be adopted on an ad hoc basis rather than result from more long-term development processes.
The low number of new infections in Germany and the resulting easing of restrictions combined with strong economic-policy stimulus measures have led to a rapid surge in SME business sentiment at the beginning of summer. There is good reason for confidence to return, given the extensive stabilisation measures and success in containing the virus. However, risks remain very high as the further course of the pandemic is virtually impossible to predict.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer June 2020(PDF, 116 KB, non-accessible)
Bolstered by cyclical and labour market growth, entrepreneurial activity in Germany picked up again in 2019 for the first time in years. The number of newly founded businesses rose to 605,000 (+58,000). This was primarily due to a significant rise in part-time business start-ups, while full-time start-ups dropped to a new low. At the same time, the number of opportunity start-ups grew by a disproportionately high 439,000. The number of internet-based and digital start-ups also rose. The outlook for entrepreneurial activity in 2020 was positive but the coronavirus pandemic is changing much of this. Many entrepreneurial plans, which had increased again, will now likely be put off. However, the crisis can be expected to result in more necessity start-ups.
KfW Entrepreneurship Monitor 2020(PDF, 623 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
The dark clouds of the coronavirus crisis are gradually clearing. Nevertheless, most of the small and medium-sized enterprises will feel the impact of the coronavirus crisis for a long time. That was one of the findings of the second representative supplementary survey based on the KfW SME Panel in early June 2020. Most enterprises do not expect to return to full economic activity before the spring of 2021. Around 2.3 million SMEs were affected by losses in turnover in May as well. Companies lost an average of 46% of their normally anticipated turnover. Overall, SMEs lost around EUR 88 billion in May. This is also putting pressure on their liquidity. It is true that the situation appears to have eased for some enterprises, with 25% currently reporting adequate liquidity reserves. But around one in five will run out of liquidity in four weeks at the latest unless the situation improves.
Economics in Brief
The coronavirus pandemic has not only caused a drop in demand in the SME sector but also led to employee absences due to illness, quarantine and a lack of childcare. A supplementary survey to the KfW SME Panel shows that this is resulting in business disruptions for one in four SMEs.
In order to stay in business and protect their employees, many SMEs have increasingly transitioned to flexible and digital working arrangements. More than one third of them have expanded their remote working arrangements and nearly half are increasingly holding video or telephone conferences. Around 15% of SMEs want to continue remote working arrangements even after the crisis has ended.
Coronavirus crisis drives shift to flexible and digital working in SMEs(PDF, 93 KB, non-accessible)
The coronavirus pandemic has caused unprecedented sentiment volatility in the SME sector. In May, business confidence recovered very sharply from its historic nosedive the month before. But what is remarkable are the relations. The rise in confidence from the previous month was the second strongest since the beginning of the timeseries but it made up for only a good one fifth of the decreases in March and April. The stronger sentiment is being carried solely by a record rise in business expectations, which nevertheless remain very pessimistic.
Focus on Economics
Many small and medium-sized enterprises are responding creatively to the coronavirus crisis, with 43% adapting their product/service offerings, sales method or business model. When combined with businesses that still plan to do this, that percentage even rises to 57%. Companies that were hit particularly hard by the crisis and those that have previously innovated are leading the charge.
SMEs are responding creatively to the coronavirus crisis(PDF, 135 KB, non-accessible)
SME business sentiment continues in freefall, dropping even more sharply in April than in March. The mood is thus even more depressed than eleven years ago, at the height of the financial crisis. Both subindicators stand out with new negative records. Situation assessments have deteriorated more than ever before and business expectations have plunged to a new historic low. We are confident nonetheless that we saw sentiment bottom out in April – thanks to the comprehensive coronavirus containment strategy, the successes achieved in stopping the spread of infections and the now announced or already implemented easing of restrictions.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer April 2020(PDF, 116 KB, non-accessible)
Digitalisation projects are gaining traction in the SME sector but digitalisation expenditure has remained low for years
The most important findings are:
- 40% of SMEs completed at least one digitalisation project.
- Digitalisation expenditure was EUR 19 billion per year.
- SMEs spent an average EUR 17,000 on digitalising their business.
- The coronavirus pandemic will trigger a surge in digitalisation.
KfW SME Digitalisation Report 2019(PDF, 865 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
As anticipated, the coronavirus crisis has hit the SME sector with force. A current special survey based on the KfW SME Panel shows the magnitude of the impact. In March, more than 2.2 million SMEs suffered losses in turnover as a result of the crisis. On average, they lost slightly more than half the normally anticipated March turnover alone, or around EUR 75 billion. Still, SMEs are very resilient against crises of this nature because they have continuously improved their equity base and built up financial buffers. This is helping them to temporarily absorb losses in the current crisis and reduce pressure on liquidity. If the lockdown drags on, however, SMEs’ losses will increase and half of them will run out of liquidity reserves by the end of May.
The coronavirus crisis has hit the export-oriented German economy in what was already a difficult situation. Growing tensions in international trade relations and a worsening global economy also affected SMEs, whose international turnover grew by a mere 3.1% in 2018 to EUR 595 billion, down from 5.5% in 2017. The KfW ifo Export Expectations of the German SME sector were persistently negative in 2019, before crashing through the floor in March 2020. The approx. 800,000 internationally active SMEs have been hit particularly hard by the consequences of the coronavirus crisis in Europe, where their most important sales and procurement markets are located. Even though the trade conflict between the EU and the US is being overshadowed by the coronavirus crisis, one in three SMEs are worried about a possible escalation.
KfW Internationalisation Report 2020(PDF, 1 MB, non-accessible)
The SME business climate is experiencing an historically unique collapse in light of the corona crisis. This drop of 20 points considerably overshadows the sharpest previous decline during the financial crisis. Unlike in previous recessions, the slump is not primarily being caused by the more cyclical industrial sector. Rather, many parts of the domestic economy have been deliberately shut down. As a result, the business climate of small and medium-sized service providers, as well as that of retailers and wholesalers, is plummeting. But it still fails to capture the full extent of the crisis. During the survey period, while it became apparent that the pandemic would escalate and the resulting restrictions would be intensified, most of them were not yet in force in Germany. The full impact is not likely to be mapped until April.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer March 2020(PDF, 130 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
Do digitalisation projects have specific characteristics that conflict with external financing? To answer this question, this study compares the financing structure of digitalisation projects with that of investments using a statistical procedure from evaluation research.
The central finding is that the financing structure of both types of projects differs significantly – even when comparing companies that are similar in size, age, credit rating and the respective project scope. This indicates that special characteristics of digitalisation projects are an obstacle to financing with bank loans.
In February, small and medium-sized enterprises in Germany did not appear to be concerned about the coronavirus outbreak, which was still concentrated in China at the time. According to the current KfW-ifo SME Barometer, SME business sentiment rose again moderately after falling in the previous month. The driver behind the improved sentiment was a rise in expectations. On the other hand, a coronavirus effect already began to appear among large enterprises, whose business confidence suffered a setback for the first time since October 2020.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer February 2020(PDF, 120 KB, non-accessible)
The innovator rate in SMEs is falling to the lowest level ever measured by the KfW SME Panel. Since 2006 the share of innovators among SMEs of all sizes and sectors has declined. The loss of innovators affects both enterprises that produce market innovations as well as the broad mass of imitating innovators. Innovation expenditure is developing without a clear trend in the medium term. Innovation efforts are thus concentrated in fewer and fewer enterprises.
In order to ensure Germany's competitiveness, an innovation policy is needed that pursues two strands: On the one hand, the research and development (R&D) of new technologies must be encouraged. On the other hand, it is necessary to support the innovation activities of companies without R&D, which cannot be achieved through R&D funding measures.
Focus on Economics
Improving the work-life balance plays a key role in securing the supply of skilled workers – also in the German SME sector. Two thirds of SMEs have already adopted specific policies for creating more family-friendly working conditions. Knowledge-intensive manufacturing firms and service providers are leading the field and many are optimistic that digitalisation will further contribute to balancing work and family life.
Flexible arrangements for working hours and working from home are among the most common measures being adopted by SMEs to improve the balance between work and family life. Rather less common to date are policies designed to support child daycare or granting leave to care for close relatives. SMEs that have adopted specific policies are more likely to be growth-driven and regard a more family-friendly workplace culture as an advantage in competing for skilled labour.
The year 2020 began with a setback for small and medium-sized enterprises. Their business climate dropped to the lowest level since August of last year. The decline in sentiment is exclusively due to the renewed drop in expectations. Large enterprises, however, showed clear signs of life. The positive trend among large enterprises reflects easing tensions in the foreign trade environment, while the hitherto reliable domestic economy lost a bit of steam. The coronavirus outbreak currently poses a new burden. All in all, economic momentum remains subdued for the time being.
KfW-ifo SME Barometer January 2020(PDF, 130 KB, non-accessible)
Focus on Economics
One third of SMEs cannot meet their digital skill requirements. The problem applies not just to basic digital skills, such as the use of standard software and digital devices, but also to advanced skills such as programming and statistical data analysis. Most SMEs attempt to build digital skills through further training. But short training measures with often limited skill-building effects predominate. More intensive training is hampered primarily by financial barriers. One third of SMEs describe the direct costs as a problem, while one quarter are challenged by employees’ absence from work. Digital learning formats enable more flexible learning, so they have the potential to stimulate further training in small and medium-sized enterprises.
The number of innovation- or growth-driven young enterprises in Germany has increased again. In 2018 there were 70,000 start-ups, after 60,000 in the previous year.
On average, nine in 100 businesses founded by men have start-up characteristics, as opposed to only three in 100 for women. Businesses founded by women and men differ primarily in how strongly they are innovation- and growth-driven. Examples of suitable measures for closing the gender gap include stepping up efforts to attract women to technical and scientific careers and teaching business skills to school students.
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